Culture is always studying the values of other cultures. Indian culture is a wonderful culture that has been used and studied by many cultures. As well as how the popular culture prevails in modern times. This particular task is given by our Prof. dr. Dilip Barad Sir to increase our observation and explain the reason towards culture, So let's look in detail.
Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold’sanalyses of bourgeois culture.
“There are no masses; there are only ways of seeing (other) people as masses.” – Raymond Williams
Williams talks about attribute of (1) working class (2) Elite class
It as a four types of academic literary criticism using in culture perspective as a like:
(1) Aestheticism
(2) Antihistoricism
(3) Formalism
(4) Apoliticis
Feminism was also very important for British cultural Materialism .
Cultural materialists also turned to three parts : Insights: Humanistic : Spiritual
Pop culture
It is also known as POP culture. Of Culture studies also includes mass or popular cultural and everyday life. Which is very trendy or the substitute of our day to day life.
The department popular culture at Bowling Green Uni. Launched the journal of popular culture.
Popular culture is the culture of masses.
There are four type of popular culture :
Production Analysis: It ask quotations like:
a) Who own the media?
b) Who create text and why?
c) How democratic of elitist is production of popular culture ?
d) What about works written only for money?
Example like: Television programme
(2) Textual analysis: It examines how specific works of popular culture created meanings.
(3) Audience analysis: it asks different group of popular culture consumers or users, make similar of different sense of some texts.
(4) Historical analysis: It investigates how these other three dimensions over times.
Postmodernism & postcolonial studies
Postmodernism: Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true.Beginning in the mid-1980s, postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion and other field. Postmodernism borrows from modernism disillusionment with the givens of society; a penchant for irony; the self-conscious “play” within the work of art; fragmentation and ambiguity; and a restructured, decentered, dehumanized subject.
Started by Ahab Hassan and Lesile Fielder . Earlier this term was known as the culture aesthetics approach.
Post modernism is an anti – art After world war II And they both have stared and coined this term. ‘Postmodernism’ is a term usually applied to the period in literature, which was first used in the 1960s. it is a reaction against realism & modernism.It reject the claim of any universal or totalizing theory , and reject ‘high’ & ‘low’ class- mass. In literature it collapses the distinction between genres and conventions.The thriller formats became of the serious novel. Comic element and absurdity mark the author’s attitude to tragic, events like death ,suffering. Postmodernism argues that it is all contingent and that most cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of “others.”
Practitioners- modernism:
a) Walter Benjamin
b) Susan Sintag
c) Loui’s Borges
d) Virginia wolf
e) Martin Heidegger
f) BertoltBrtech
g) Ezrapound
h) Jams joyee
v Postmodernism Aspect by Jean Baudrillard some point out that:
Any sign is empty
Virtual world
Status and taboos
ü Hyperrealism between the private or public.
It also affected in
- Building - Cinema
- Literature - music
- Painting - Architecture
- Photography
Postcolonial Studies :
Post colonialism refers to a historical phase undergone by the Third World countries after the decline of colonialism.
“others” constructs them based upon Western anxieties and preoccupations. Said sharply critiques the Western images of the Oriental as “irrational, depraved (fallen), child-like, ‘different,’” which has allowed the West to define itself as “rational, virtuous, mature, ‘normal.’”
Post modern intellectual discourse.
The association between nations and area they occupied and once ruled.
Many Third World writers focus on both colonialism and the changes created in a postcolonial culture.Frantz Fanon drew upon his own horrific experiences in French Algeria to deconstruct emerging national regimes.
Homi K. Bhabha’s postcolonial theory involves analysis of nationality, ethnicity, and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and indeterminacy, defining postcolonial identities as shifting, hybrid construction.
Among postcolonial feminism is Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, who examines the effects of political independence upon “subaltern” or subproletarian women in the Third World.
Reveal how female subjects are silnced by the dialogue between the male-dominated West and East, offering little hope for the subaltern woman’s voice to rise up amidst the global social institutions that oppress her.
Thank you 😊
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